NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS For the financial year ended 31 December 2022 (cont’d) FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 3. Significant accounting policies (CONT’D) (h) Financial assets (cont’d) Regular way purchases or sales are purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within the period generally established by regulation or convention in the marketplace concerned. All regular way purchases or sales of financial assets are recognised or derecognised on the trade date i.e. the date that the Group and the Company commit to purchase or sell the asset. A financial asset is derecognised when the contractual rights to receive cash flows from the asset has expired. On derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received for financial instruments is recognised in profit or loss. (i) Financial liabilities Financial liabilities are recognised when, and only when, the Group and the Company become a party to the contractual provisions of the financial instruments. All financial liabilities are recognised initially at fair value plus, in the case of financial liabilities not at fair value through profit or loss, directly attributable transaction costs. After initial recognition, financial liabilities that are not carried at fair value through profit or loss are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the liabilities are derecognised, and through the amortisation process. A financial liability is derecognised when the obligation under the liability is discharged or cancelled or expires. When an existing financial liability is replaced by another from the same lender on substantially different terms, or the terms of an existing liability are substantially modified, such an exchange or modification is treated as a derecognition of the original liability and the recognition of a new liability, and the difference in the respective carrying amounts is recognised in profit or loss. (j) Offsetting of financial instruments Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the statements of financial position if, and only if, there is a currently enforceable legal right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis, or to realise the assets and settle the liabilities simultaneously. (k) Financial guarantee contracts A financial guarantee contract is a contract that requires the issuer to make specified payments to reimburse the holder for a loss it incurs when the guaranteed debtor fails to make payment when due. Financial guarantee contracts are recognised initially as financial liabilities at fair value, net of transactions costs. Subsequently, the liability is measured at the higher of: - the amount of the loss allowance; and - the amount initially recognised loss, when appropriate, the cumulative amount of income recognised in accordance with the principles of MFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers. 175
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