NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS For the financial year ended 31 December 2022 (cont’d) 3. Significant accounting policies (CONT’D) (h) Financial assets (cont’d) (i) Financial assets at amortised cost The Group and the Company measure financial assets at amortised cost if both of the following conditions are met: • The financial asset is held within a business model with the objective to hold financial assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and • The contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. Financial assets at amortised cost are subsequently measured using the effective interest method and are subject to impairment. Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the assets is derecognised, modified or impaired. (ii) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (“FVTOCI”) (aa) Debt instruments A debt security is measured at FVTOCI if it meets both of the following conditions and is not designated as at FVTPL: • it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and • its contractual terms give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. (bb) Equity instruments On initial recognition of an equity investment that is not held for trading, the Group may irrevocably elect to present subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income on an investment-by-investment basis. Financial assets categorised as FVTOCI are subsequently measured at fair value, with unrealised gains and losses recognised directly in other comprehensive income and accumulated under fair value reserve in equity. For debt instruments, when the investment is derecognised or determined to be impaired, the cumulative gain or loss previously recorded in equity is reclassified to the profit or loss. For equity instruments, the gains or losses are never reclassified to profit or loss. (iii) Financial assets at FVTPL All financial assets not classified as measured at amortised cost or FVTOCI, as described above, are measured at FVTPL. This includes derivative financial assets (except for a derivative that is a financial guarantee contract or a designated and effective hedging instrument). On initial recognition, the Group may irrevocably designate a financial asset that otherwise meets the requirements to be measured at amortised cost or at FVTOCI as at FVTPL if doing so eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch that would otherwise arise. Financial assets categorised as FVTPL are subsequently measured at their fair value with gains or losses recognised in the profit or loss. All financial assets, except for those measured at FVTPL and equity investments measured at FVTOCI, are subject to impairment. 174
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