110 Annual Report 2022 BASIS OF PREPARATION OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (CONT’D) 2. Significant accounting estimates and judgements (Cont’d) (c) Notes to the Financial Statements For the Financial Year Ended 30 September 2022 Depreciation of property, plant and equipment (Note 10) - the cost of property, plant and equipment are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the assets’ useful lives and lease term respectively. Management estimates the useful lives of these property, plant and equipment to be within 4 to 99 years (2021: 4 to 99 years) based on past experience with similar assets or/and common life expectancies of the industries. Changes in the expected level of usage and technological developments could impact the economic useful lives and the residual values of these assets resulting in revision of future depreciation or amortisation charges. Depreciation of bearer plants is charged so as to write off the cost of mature plantations, using the straight-line method, over the estimated useful lives of 20 years (2021: 20 years) or over the lease period, whichever is shorter. Fair values of investment properties (Note 14) - the measurement of the fair values for investment properties performed by management is based on independent professional valuations with reference to: Deferred tax assets (Note 19) - deferred tax assets are recognised for deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unabsorbed capital allowances based on the projected future profits of the Group to the extent that is probable that taxable profits will be available against which the deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unabsorbed capital allowances can be utilised. Significant management judgement is required to determine the amount of deferred tax assets that can be recognised, based on the future financial performance of the Group. Impairment loss on receivables (Note 20) - the Group accounts for expected credit losses and changes in those expected credit losses at each reporting date to reflect changes in credit risk since initial recognition. The Group uses a simplified approach for measuring the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit loss (“ECL”) for trade receivables, contract assets and lease receivables. (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) direct comparison method, being comparison of current prices in an active market for similar properties in the same location and condition and where necessary, adjusting for location, accessibility, visibility, time, terrain, size, present market trends and other differences; investment method, being the projected net income and other benefits that the subject property can generate over the life of the property capitalised at market derived yields to arrive at the present value of the property; and cost method of valuation, being assumed to have a direct relationship with its cost of construction, is then adjusted to allow for cost of finance, profit and demand to reflect its profitable present market value. Management believes that the chosen valuation techniques and assumptions are appropriate in determining the fair values of the Group’s investment properties.
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