NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 31 DECEMBER 2023 168 WE ARE KENANGA LEADERSHIP MESSAGE VALUE CREATION MODEL KENANGA INVESTMENT BANK BERHAD ANNUAL REPORT 2023 3. ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT’D.) 3.4 Material accounting policy information (cont’d.) (k) Impairment of financial assets (i) Overview of the ECL principles The Group and the Bank adopt a forward-looking ECL approach. The Group and the Bank calculate and record an allowance for expected credit losses for all loans and other debt financial assets not held at FVTPL together with loan commitments contracts. Equity instruments are not subject to impairment. The ECL allowance is based on the credit losses expected to arise over the life of the financial instruments (the lifetime expected credit loss or "LTECL"), unless there has been no significant increase in credit risk since origination, in which case, the allowance is based on the 12 months’ expected credit loss ("12mECL") as outlined in Note 3.4(k)(ii). The 12mECL is the portion of LTECLs that represent the ECLs that result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within the 12 months after the reporting date. Both LTECLs and 12mECLs are calculated on either an individual basis or a collective basis, depending on the nature of the underlying portfolio of financial instruments. The Group and the Bank have established a policy to perform an assessment, at the end of each reporting period, of whether a financial instrument’s credit risk has increased significantly since initial recognition, by considering the change in the risk of default occurring over the remaining life of the financial instrument. This is further explained in Note 51(a). General approach The Group and the Bank classify their loans or assets into Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3 and POCI, as described below: • Stage 1: When loans or assets are first recognised, the Group and the Bank recognise an allowance based on 12mECLs. Stage 1 loans or assets also include facilities where the credit risk has improved and the loan or the assets has been reclassified from Stage 2. • Stage 2: When a loan or an asset has shown a significant increase in credit risk ("SICR") since origination, the Group and the Bank record an allowance for the LTECLs. Stage 2 loans or assets also include facilities, where the credit risk has improved and the loan has been reclassified from Stage 3. • Stage 3: Loans or assets considered as credit-impaired (as outlined in Note 51(a)). The Group and the Bank record an allowance for the LTECLs. • POCI assets are financial assets that are credit impaired on initial recognition. POCI assets are recorded at fair value at original recognition and interest income is subsequently recognised based on a creditadjusted EIR. ECLs are only recognised or released to the extent that there is a subsequent change in the expected credit losses. For financial assets for which the Group and the Bank have no reasonable expectations of recovering either the entire outstanding amount, or a proportion thereof, the gross carrying amount of the financial asset is reduced. This is considered a (partial) derecognition of the financial asset.
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