NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 31 DECEMBER 2023 157 OUR SUSTAINABILITY APPROACH HOW WE ARE GOVERNED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SHAREHOLDERS’ INFORMATION ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 3. ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONT’D.) 3.4 Material accounting policy information (cont’d.) (c) Investment in associates (cont’d.) After application of the equity method, the Group determines whether it is necessary to recognise any additional impairment loss with respect to its net investment in the associate. When necessary, the entire carrying amount of the investment is tested for impairment as a single asset, by comparing its recoverable amount (higher of valuein-use and fair value less costs to sell) with its carrying amount. Any impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss. Reversal of an impairment loss is recognised to the extent that the recoverable amount of the investment subsequently increases. Upon loss of significant influence over the associate, the Group measures and recognises any retained investment at its fair value. Any difference between the carrying amount of the associate upon loss of significant influence and the fair value of the retained investment and proceeds from disposal is recognised in profit or loss. In the Bank's separate financial statements, investment in associate is accounted for at cost less accumulated impairment losses. On disposal of such investment, the difference between net disposal proceeds and their carrying amounts is included in profit or loss. (d) Investment in joint ventures Joint ventures are entities over which there is contractually agreed sharing of control by the Group with one or more parties where the strategic financial and operating decisions relating to the entities require unanimous consent of the parties sharing control. The Group's interest in joint ventures is accounted for in the financial statements by the equity method of accounting. Equity accounting involves recognising the Group's share of the post-acquisition results of joint ventures in profit or loss and its share of post-acquisition changes of the investee's reserves in other comprehensive income. The cumulative post-acquisition changes are adjusted against the cost of the investment and include goodwill on acquisition (net of accumulated impairment loss). The Group recognises the portion of gains or losses on the sale of assets by the Group to the joint venture that is attributable to the other venturers. The Group does not recognise its share of profits or losses from the joint venture that result from the purchase of assets by the Group from the joint venture until it resells the assets to an independent party. However, a loss on the transaction is recognised immediately if the loss provides evidence of a reduction in the net realisable value of current assets or an impairment loss. Where necessary, adjustments have been made to the financial statements of jointly controlled entities to ensure consistency of accounting policies with those of the Group. (e) Goodwill and intangible assets (i) Goodwill Goodwill is initially measured at cost, being the excess of the aggregate of the consideration transferred and the amount recognised for non-controlling interest over the net identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If this consideration is lower than the fair value of the net assets of the subsidiary acquired, the difference is recognised in profit or loss.
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