4. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued) 4.23 Fair value measurements The fair value of an asset or a liability, except for lease transactions, is determined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement method assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either in the principal market or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market. The Group measures the fair value of an asset or a liability by taking into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take these characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability. The Group has considered the following characteristics when determining fair value: (a) the condition and location of the asset; and (b) restrictions, if any, on the sale or use of the asset. The fair value measurement for a non-financial asset takes into account the ability of the market participant to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use. The fair value of a financial or non-financial liability or an entity’s own equity instrument assumes that: (a) a liability would remain outstanding and the market participant transferee would be required to fulfil the obligation. The liability would not be settled with the counterparty or otherwise extinguished on the measurement date; and (b) an entity’s own equity instrument would remain outstanding and the market participant transferee would take on the rights and responsibilities associated with the instrument. The instrument would not be cancelled or otherwise extinguished on the measurement date. All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as a whole: (i) Level 1 fair value measurements are those derived from quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. (ii) Level 2 fair value measurements are those derived from inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices). Fair value, which is determined for disclosure purposes, is calculated based on the present value of future principal and interest cash flows, discounted at the market rate of interest at the end of the reporting period. (iii) Level 3 fair value measurements are those derived from inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs). NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS P R G H O L D I N G S B E R H A D A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 2 1 110 31 December 2021 (cont’d)
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