2. Significant accounting policies (cont’d.) 2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d.) (aa) Fair value measurements Fair value of an asset or a liability, except for lease transactions, is determined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either in the principal market or in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market. (i) Financial instruments The fair value of financial instruments that are actively traded in organised financial markets is determined by reference to quoted market bid prices at the close of business at the end of reporting date. For financial instruments where there is no active market, fair value is determined using valuation techniques. Such techniques may include: - using recent arm’s length market transactions; - reference to the current fair value of another instrument that is substantially the same; and - discounted cash flow analysis or other valuation models. Where fair value cannot be reliably estimated, assets are carried at cost less impairment losses, if any. (ii) Non-financial assets For a non-financial asset, the fair value measurement takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use. When measuring the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Group and Corporation use observable market data as far as possible. Fair value are categorised into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the input used in the valuation technique as follows: • Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. • Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices). • Level 3 - Inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data (unobservable input). The fair value of an asset to be transferred between levels is determined as of the date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. Financial Statements 199
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy NDgzMzc=