2. Significant accounting policies (cont’d.) 2.3 Summary of significant accounting policies (cont’d.) (u) Foreign currencies (cont’d.) (iii) Foreign operations The results and financial position of operations that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency (“RM”) (“Foreign Operation”) are translated into RM as follows: - Assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented are translated at the closing rate prevailing at the reporting date; - Income and expenses for each income statement are translated at the exchange rate at the date of the transactions or an average rate that approximates those rates; and - All resulting exchange differences are taken to the currency translation reserve within other comprehensive income. Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising from the acquisition of foreign operations on or after 1 April 2006 are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operations and are recorded in the functional currency of the foreign operations, translated at the closing rate at the reporting date. Goodwill and fair value adjustments which arose on the acquisition of foreign subsidiaries before 1 April 2006 are deemed to be assets and liabilities of the parent company and are recorded in RM at the rates prevailing at the date of acquisition. (v) Revenue recognition Revenue is recognised to the extent that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Group and the revenue can be reliably measured. The following specific recognition criteria must also be met before revenue is recognised: (i) Freight income Freight receivable and the relevant discharge costs of cargoes loaded onto ships up to the reporting date are accrued for in the financial statements, using the percentage of completion method. (ii) Charter income The results of ships employed on voyage charter and that of other services rendered are accounted for on a time accrual basis. Certain charter income is recognised on a straight-line basis over the firm period of the contract. MISC BERHAD • Annual Report 2016 196 notes to the financial statements - 31 december 2016
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